Hand compasses were soon widely employed in the practice of forestry, geology, archaeology, speleology, preliminary cartography and land surveying.
en.wikipedia.org Moreover, the terms: critical cartography, subversive cartography, bioregional mapping, and remapping are sometimes used synonymously with counter-mapping, but in practice encompass much more.
en.wikipedia.org With tools such as cartography, shipbuilding, navigation, mining and agricultural productivity colonisers had an upper hand.
en.wikipedia.org Geographic coordinate conversion has applications in cartography, surveying, navigation and geographic information systems.
en.wikipedia.org