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- This is the name given to the system of political power, often based on corruption and the illegal financing of parties, which collapsed in 1992-93 following the scandals which emerged from the Mani pulite inquiry, but also because of the fading of the ideological contrasts of the Cold War. The major government parties of the time, including in particular the Democrazia Cristiana (Christian Democrats) and the Partito Socialista (Socialist Party), were disbanded and new parties which are still active today took their place.
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- This is the name given to the historic period of struggle for independence and Italian unity from its first movements (1820-21, 1831) to the insurrections and wars 1848-66. The major events were the three wars of independence against the Austro-Hungarians (1848-49, 1859 and 1866) and the expedition of Garibaldi's Thousand in 1860. The moderate monarchist line prevailed over the republican revolutionary tendency of Giuseppe Mazzini, and the House of Savoy took the throne of Italy in 1861. Rome became the capital in 1871.
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- This name is given to the northwestern part of Italy, a triangle with its points in the cities of Milan, Turin and Genoa, where the development of modern industry began at the end of the 19th century. It was the major Italian production centre and led to mass internal immigration from the south, especially between the 1950s and 1970s. The subsequent decline of large industry, which principally affected Turin and Genoa, has transformed the “Industrial triangle” into a northwest where small and medium-sized industries and the service sector now predominate. Other models for strong development have emerged, particularly in the Veneto.
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- Tangentopoli (city of bribes) was the name given by journalists to the corruption scandal of the early 1990s which involved numerous politicians, government ministers, high-profile industrialists and businessmen. Judicial investigations uncovered an extensive network of bribery, paid for from both private and public funds. The scandal emerged in Milan, and the city was therefore known as Tangentopoli .
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