

For particular usages see I. 1. in the entry below.
For translations of by then, since then, from then, until then see the entries by, since, from, until.
When then is used to mean next it can be translated by either puis or ensuite: a man, a horse and then a dog = un homme, un cheval puis or et ensuite un chien.
For particular usages see I. 2. in the entry below.
When then is used to mean in that case it is translated by alors: then why worry? = alors pourquoi s'inquiéter?
For all other uses see the entry below.
Remember that jusqu'à + le becomes jusqu'au and jusqu'à + les becomes jusqu'aux: until the right moment = jusqu'au bon moment; until the exams = jusqu'aux examens.
In negative sentences not until is translated by ne…pas avant: I can't see you until Friday = je ne peux pas vous voir avant vendredi.
When used as a conjunction in positive sentences until is translated by jusqu'à ce que + subjunctive: we'll stay here until Maya comes back = nous resterons ici jusqu'à ce que Maya revienne.
In negative sentences where the two verbs have different subjects not until is translated by ne…pas avant que + subjunctive: we won't leave until Maya comes back = nous ne partirons pas avant que Maya revienne.
In negative sentences where the two verbs have the same subject not until is translated by pas avant de + infininitive: we won't leave until we've seen Claire = nous ne partirons pas avant d'avoir vu Claire.
Remember that voilà is used to draw attention to a visible place/object/person: there's my watch = voilà ma montre, whereas il y a is used for generalizations: there's a village nearby = il y a un village tout près.
there when unstressed with verbs such as aller and être is translated by y: we went there last year = nous y sommes allés l'année dernière, but not where emphasis is made: it was there that we went last year = c'est là que nous sommes allés l'année dernière.
For examples of the above and further uses of there see the entry below.
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- Land's End est un cap en Cornouailles, à l'extrémité sud-ouest de la Grande-Bretagne. John o'Groats est un village au nord-est de l'Écosse, considéré comme l'extrémité septentrionale de l'île. Lorsque l'on veut désigner l'ensemble du territoire de la Grande-Bretagne, on peut employer l'expression from Land's End to John o'Groats. Ce trajet d'environ 1400 km par la route (900 miles) est souvent parcouru à vélo ou à pied par des sportifs qui collectent des fonds pour des associations caritatives.
from is often used after verbs in English (suffer from, benefit from, protect from etc.). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (suffer, benefit, protect etc.).
from is used after certain nouns and adjectives in English (shelter from, exemption from, free from, safe from etc.). For translations, consult the appropriate noun or adjective entry (shelter, exemption, free, safe etc.).
This dictionary contains Usage Notes on such topics as nationalities, countries and continents, provinces and regions. Many of these use the preposition from. For the index to these notes .
For examples of the above and particular usages of from, see the entry below.


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- There are three types of radio station in France: public stations such as France Inter, France Culture, France info, FIP, Radio Bleue, are run by Radio France, a state-owned organization; commercial stations (Europe 1, RTL, Radio Monte Carlo) which are financed by advertising and which broadcast from border areas; and privately-owned local stations (originally known as radios libres) which began to develop following a change in broadcasting laws in 1982. There are now more than 2, 000 private stations such as NRJ, Europe 2 and Fun.
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- In all, France has 6 terrestrial TV channels. There are three state-owned channels, France 2, France 3 and France 5 where programmes are financed mostly by revenue from the TV licences paid by all TV owners, as well as four privately-owned channels. These are TF1 (télévision française 1) which has an obligation to ensure that 50% of its programmes are of French origin; Canal Plus, a subscription-operated channel which requires the use of a decoder except during brief periods when programmes are not scrambled (i.e. when they are broadcast en clair); Arte (a Franco-German cultural channel) which broadcasts programmes on the same frequency as France 5 but at different times of the day; and finally M6, a popular commercial channel.




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- The 14th of July is France's fête nationale to celebrate the storming of the Bastille in 1789. On this day, the towns are decorated with flags and a military parade takes place on the Champs-Elysées. At 10 p.m., fireworks go off all over France. Belgium's national holiday is 21st July, the birthday of Leopold I.


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